The Economic Crisis Is the Greater Challenge than...

Globalization (a process) centers on improving the efficiency and speed that economies interact and transform interconnectivity between sovereign nations’ political, social and economic cultures. For centuries, globalized improvements in infrastructure (communication, economies, trade, and ideas) have allowed sovereigns to improve interdependence with others. This essay will present why the economic crisis, a global issue, is the greater challenge than pandemics to U.S. national interest. Regarding pandemic challenges, the U.S. has among the world’s best health care. The ability of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) to respond to pandemics is better than any other nation. Over the last 100 years, influenza pandemics have been among the leading cause of infectious deaths. Technological advances have expanded understanding of complex pandemics and have improved our ability to contain outbreaks or â€Å"manipulate micro genomes.† Caution should be considered as the same scientific knowledge can be deliberately misused. The U.S. works with countries, addressing infectious diseases that slow socioeconomic and democratic development, as well as the humanitarian emergencies and civil conflicts that pandemics contribute to. Infectious disease-related embargoes and restrictions on travel and immigration can cause economic frictions among sovereign states. 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Deception of Family in Death of a Salesman and A Doll’s House

Arthur Millers classic American play, Death of a Salesman and Henrik Ibsen’s classic play A Doll’s House, expose dysfunctional families and behaviors. In these plays, the themes of innocence, guilt and of truth and are considered through the eyes of deception. Both plays tell us that most of us choose to play roles and deceive, not only those immediately, but distantly around us. In Death of a Salesman the father passes deception to his boys the next generation. A Doll’s House Shows deception in a whole different way. We are shown a women’s role with lack of power in a mans society. In Death of a Salesman Willy Loman is a self deluded, insecure traveling salesman. Willy truly believes in the American Dream of easy wealth†¦show more content†¦Willy finally comes to result that his final product will be to sale himself. He makes the most extreme sacrifice by killing himself to attempt to leave an inheritance for his family. Willy’s final act, according to Ben, is â€Å"not like an appointment at all† but like a â€Å"diamond . . . rough and hard to the touch.†(1300). Willy believes the advice given by Charley â€Å"after all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive†(1281). In the play A Doll’s House Nora is the Narrator and the wife of Torvald Helmer. Nora has never had her own independence. She went from her fathers care to her husbands care. She is Inexperienced in the ways of life. As a result of everybody sheltering her she is careless and materialistic. Nora wants to take on role fully independent woman but does want to take the responsibility for the false union of her marriage and the strain of motherhood. Torvald is Noras husband of eight years has been promoted to manager of the bank. Torvald has built his middle- class living through his own work and not from family money. He sends a great deal of time focused on his business and studying. He seems to come across as stiff and harsh Deception is one of the most important themes within A Doll ´s House. It brings out the plot, outlines the characters, and shows what Ibsen was trying to show us about women and society.

Spectre of Terrorism and Nigeria Industrial - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Spectre of Terrorism and Nigeria Industrial. Answer: Ford and Taylorism: The video titled Ford and Taylor scientific management compares between two automobile manufacturers of early 1900s namely Vulcan Motors in Britain and Ford Motor Company in the US. Vulcan Motors made cars which were expensive using slow methods taking weeks. The upper class society of Britain could only afford to posses them. Henry Ford, being inspired by Fredrick Taylor in 1908 introduced the theory of scientific management in the automobile production at Ford Motor Company and broke down the complex processes into several simple processes. He was the pioneer of assembly line technique of production which enabled mass production of automobiles at low costs at the Ford Motors. Ford introduced the system of high wages to workers which helped him to attract skilled labour. According to David Moore, a Ford Foundry worker, Henry Ford maintained strict control over the workers and any interference of workers union was strictly discouraged (youtube.com 2018). The scientific management of resources and men which Ford introduced at Ford Motors enabled mass production of automobiles at low cost which eventually led to introduction of low cost cars into the American market. Thus one can summarise from the video that manufacturing firms can bring down their costs of production by managing their resources scientifically and sell low cost goods to attract huge consumer base and earn huge revenue (Parkes 2015). Workers in Australia, America and Europe would accept Taylorism and its scientific management of resources. The small firms in these markets today have to face the challenges of cost cutting and sustainability which necessitate them to manage their resources more efficiently to reduce wastage. These firms can adopt Taylors system of scientific management to allocate their resources scientifically, ensure high productivity and reduce losses they suffer due to wastage of resources (Luning et al. 2015). Taylorism finds applications in the designs of the scripts used in the call centres. The scripts in the call centres today are either in digital formats or physical formats in which questions are arranged in planned manners in order to ensure maximum positive responses from customers. The employees in these call centres are monitored to ensure that they perform efficiently. The supervisors train underperforming callers to enhance their competencies. Moreover, the supervisors monitor the calls digitally to ensure that callers do not waste time asking unnecessary questions to customers (Gandomi and Haider 2015). This analysis shows that the call centres manage the questions on the scripts scientifically to ensure that the callers are able to get maximum productivity from them. Thus, one can infer from the discussion that the call centres scripts use Taylorism to a great extent to ensure high productivity. The ideas of Fordism and Taylorism depicted in the video dates back to a hundred years and may out of order according to some but there are still firms many parts of the world which require these ideas to survive. The small firms in markets like Africa and Asia today are struggling to achieve mass production at low costs. They face challenges from multinational companies which are able to reduce their costs of production owing to their global presence and robust revenues. These small firms can implement Taylorism to manage their resources scientifically to ensure maximum production. This would enable them to control their resources more efficiently and minimise losses they suffer due to wastage of materials (George, Haas and Pentland 2014). This analysis shows that centuries old ideas of Taylorism and Fordism can provide guidance to small firms in underdeveloped markets to become more productive and sustain in the face of the challenges from multinational companies. Thomas Freidman on Globalisation; 3 eras of globalisation: Professor Thomas Friedman in the video Thomas Friedmans Three Eras of Globalisation pointed out to the three eras of globalisation. The first era characterised by countries like Britain expanding their colonies into other parts of the world like India. This stage of globalisation reduced the world into a planet ruled by a few powerful counties like Britain. The second stage of globalisation was characterised by companies expanding into new host countries in search of markets and labour. This expansion of multinational companies shrunk the global economic plane to size small. This means that the consumers could avail goods manufactured in foreign countries because they could purchase these goods from the multinational companies which had entered their countries during the second era of globalisation (Benera, Berik and Floro 2015). The third or the final era of globalisation according to Friedman is characterised by empowerment of individuals across the globe to collaborate and compete in ventures like businesses. The professor pointed out that today individuals have lot of resources at their access which is both advantageous and terrifying. This access individuals have to resources is an advantage because it empowers them to start entrepreneurial ventures which result in introduction of new products, generation of new employment opportunities and capital maximisation in the market. While speaking on threats the era of individual globalisation poses, he hinted at activities like terrorism which is fuelled by the access individual terrorists have to huge reserves of arms and ammunitions. He concluded his lecture by emphasising that individuals today must be more responsible towards their actions because they are capable of impacting the world through these actions (youtube.com 2018). Some of the key drawbacks or risks living in a flat world are that undeserving groups of individuals like terrorists and hackers have access to huge reserves of technology, arms and financial capital. These individual groups often collaborate to attack countries and steal important data from governments and multinational companies. Their activities cause colossal loss to companies, their stakeholders, government, countries and the world at large (Imhonopi and Urim 2016). That is why access to resources which unauthorised individuals enjoy poses risks to the global welfare in the era of globalisation based on individuals. One cannot agree with Friedmans idea of flat world because the term refers to uniformity in the global economy. This is because people livings in all parts of the world do not enjoy uniform levels of access to resources. The developed and the emerging markets provide their people with resources to start business ventures. The people living in poorly developed economies on the contrary do not have access even to the basic necessities of life like food and water (Al Ariss and Sidani 2016). Hence, the idea of a flat or uniform world proposed by Friedman does not exist in reality and cannot be agreed to. The level of globalisation is not uniform across the world and in fact, is extremely diverse in nature. The developed economies like the US and the emerging economies like India experience a high level of globalisation. These countries are homes to multinational companies which own resources worth billions all over the world. These developed and emerging countries share products, talents and financial capital which result in generation of robust revenue (Imhonopi and Urim 2016). There are underdeveloped economies which are entirely dependent on these developed and emerging economies to meet even their basic necessities like food and medical supplies. These underdeveloped economies do not have many multinational companies and generate very low revenue (Dillahunt and Malone 2015). This shows that the level of globalisation is not same across the world-in some economies is the rate of globalisation is very high while in the poor countries it is very stagnant. Conclusion: One can conclude from the discussion that globalisation is not uniform all over the world. The developed and emerging markets should provide the underdeveloped markets with resources and help them to strengthen economically. The small firms in these three categories markets should adopt scientific management to maximise their production and revenue generation. The individuals today should be more responsible and ethical while using resources. They should use resources to carry out business ventures to bring about economic development and not to facilitate illegal activities like terrorism capable of causing long term damage to the global economy. References: Al Ariss, A. and Sidani, Y., 2016. Comparative international human resource management: Future research directions.Human Resource Management Review,26(4), pp.352-358. Becker, D.A., Orwig, M. and Pernsteiner, A., 2015. Symbolic Versus Substantive Regulatory Disclosure Requirements: The Case of Ford Motor Company in the Early 1900s.Accounting Historians Journal,42(2), pp.35-61. Benera, L., Berik, G. and Floro, M., 2015.Gender, development and globalization: economics as if all people mattered. Routledge. Dillahunt, T.R. and Malone, A.R., 2015, April. The promise of the sharing economy among disadvantaged communities. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 2285-2294). ACM. Ford Corporate. 2018.Ford Motor Company Timeline. [online] Available at: https://corporate.ford.com/history.html [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. Gandomi, A. and Haider, M., 2015. Beyond the hype: Big data concepts, methods, and analytics.International Journal of Information Management,35(2), pp.137-144. George, G., Haas, M.R. and Pentland, A., 2014. Big data and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(2), pp.321-326. Imhonopi, D. and Urim, U.M., 2016. The Spectre of Terrorism and Nigeria's Industrial Development: A Multi-Stakeholder Imperative.African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS,9(1), p.20. Luning, P.A., Kirezieva, K., Hagelaar, G., Rovira, J., Uyttendaele, M. and Jacxsens, L., 2015. Performance assessment of food safety management systems in animal-based food companies in view of their context characteristics: a European study.Food Control,49, pp.11-22. Parkes, A., 2015. Lean management genesis.Management,19(2), pp.106-121. YouTube. 2018.Ford and Taylor Scientific Management (Edited). [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. YouTube. 2018.Thomas Friedman's Three Eras of Globalization. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lp4znWHvsjU? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oM2BguxRSyY [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018].

Enron Taking Advantage Of Accounting Limitations Accounting Essay Example For Students

Enron Taking Advantage Of Accounting Limitations Accounting Essay Enron was founded in 1985 by Kenneth Lay through a merge of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth. It owns 37,000 stat mis of grapevines for the usage of natural gas transit between manufacturers and public-service corporations. During the early 1980s, most of the contracts between gas manufacturer and grapevines were take-or-pay contracts. Few old ages subsequently, Enron profited from the alterations in ordinance of natural gas market that led to increased usage of topographic point market dealing. In 1988, Jeff Skilling suggested a gas trading concern by making a natural gas bank which turns out as a immense success. In 1992, the gas trading concern became a major subscriber to Enron s net income. However, they get downing to utilize off-balance sheet funding vehicles to finance these minutess. In the mid 1990s, Enron extended its concern to electric power, coal, steel, paper and mush, H2O and broadband overseas telegram capacity. Enron foremost developed the electric power marke t. They use peaking workss to run into power in demand during peak periods and had some successes in this market. In the late 1990s, Enron began utilizing plus visible radiation scheme where they merely hold heavy assets for the usage of bring forthing information. This scheme is so effectual until its gas fiscal trading represented 20 times its grapevine capacity by late 2000. Enron besides expanded their concern outside the U.S boundary line. Their subordinate was funded to build and pull off energy assets outside the U.S. which represented immense investings in the states economic systems. Though holding nucleus competency in pull offing grapevines, Enron still face many other hazards in international variegation such as political hazards. The Enron s complex concern theoretical account contributed to the autumn of Enron as it had created chances for Enron to take full advantages of accounting restrictions in pull offing its fiscal study. First, the trading concern in natural gas involved long-run contracts. In original, the accounting had been straight frontward by naming the existent cost of providing the gas and existent grosss received. However, Enron started to follow mark-to-market accounting, when a long-run contract was signed ; the present value of the watercourse of future influxs was recognized as gross while the present value of the expected cost of carry throughing the contract was recognized as disbursals. Therefore, the market value of unfulfilled additions and losingss under the contract were needed to be reported as one-year net incomes or losingss when they arose subsequently. This had created jobs in the fiscal study as Enron estimated the present value of the hereafter influxs even when there were serious inquiries about the viability of these contracts and their associated costs. Second issue was the exercising of particular purpose entities by Enron to insulate the house from fiscal hazards. Particular purpose entities are the shell houses created by patrons but funded by independent equity investors and debt funding. Harmonizing to by and large recognized accounting criterions, particular intent entity merely have to be consolidated with the house s concern when independent 3rd party have substantial equity interest in the particular intent entity which are at least 3 per centum of the particular purpose entity s entire debt and equity. This had turned Enron s balance sheet to be undependable when Enron was avoiding demoing some tantamount debts on balance sheet by exerting particular purpose entities. Other than that, the enlargement of Enron s new concern which were non executing every bit good as expected led to Enron s accounting jobs. .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .postImageUrl , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:hover , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:visited , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:active { border:0!important; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:active , .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2 .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd7aa438bd81998ff10cde9a5d59dcf2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rita Hayworth And Shawshank Redemption EssayHowever, all these jobs were undetected for long period due to several parties failed to acknowledge the jobs which including Enron s top direction, audit commission, external hearers, fund directors and sell-side analyst. Enron s top direction to a great extent used stock option to make outlook of rapid growing and its attempt to whiff up reported net incomes to run into Wall Street s outlook caused the jobs concealed. Audit commission did non observed the jobs occurred in the houses as they did non earnestly concerned about the development of Enron s concern and to a great extent relied on the information provided by direction, internal hearers every bit good as external hearers. Arthur Anderson, the external hearer of Enron was sued for utilizing slack criterions in their audits. There is a questionable struggle of involvement over the immense sum of confer withing fees paid by Enron to them. In add-on, Arthur Anderson besides failed to voice up sound concern opinion sing the minutess performed by Enron. The minutess were clearly designed for fiscal coverage instead than concern intent. At the tallness of their popularity, big institutional investor owned 60 per centum of Enron s stock. It drops to 10 per centum after the company announced its negative accounting issues in December 2001. There are some grounds that led fund directors in so slow in detecting the jobs in Enron. First, they were misled by the misstated fiscal statement or by sell-side analysts. Besides, their inducements to seek out high-quality information were besides hapless. Sell-side analysts were slow in acknowledging the jobs that occurred in Enron yet recommended Enron s portions to public even 2 months before Enron s bankruptcy. One of the common pattern in the industry was sell-side analyst tend to have fiscal inducements in urging Enron to their clients in order to back up their houses investing banking trades with Enron. Besides that, sell-side analysts relied to a great extent on internal information that provided by direction which caused analyst did non supply dependable analysis due to direction be given to non supply to analysts with critical and negative information. Mechanical, inflexible accounting criterions since old ages ago caused a company s fiscal study did non clearly reflect the fiscal hazard. The statements within Financial Accounting Standard Board ( FASB ) make things even worst when they did non come out with a satisfy criterions. Tonss of possible ways to forestall future Enron state of affairss arise due to the Enron instance. Independent managing of audit houses, such as Michigans confer withing concern or call off some types of audit clients audience was suggested by Securities and Exchange Commission. Some have proposed to curtail the regulations of alterations in stock options. Besides, there are houses ask foring foreigner as their board members and engage more professional fiscal officer, every bit good as guarantee more meetings and treatments among audit members and commissions. Other than those possible ways, there are few more cardinal ways may assist to work out fraudulent of fiscal coverage, such as alterations from Audit Committees to Transparency Committees. Audit commissions are fundamentally tosz assure that houses are following the general accepted accounting rules, where the functions of transparence commissions are guaranting that investors get equal information from houses and measure the effectivity of company s policies and determinations to help either internal or external parties understand the houses current state of affairs, public presentation and future hazards. Second, is to rethink the Auditor s Business Model. Successful hearer s concern theoretical account comprises of good audit house and profession hearers. A good managed audit houses hire more experts. Top direction gives right inducements to the right individual at the right clip. Failures are analyzed by experts. While hearers maximize their value of audits through supplying a t rue full set of houses public presentation and hazards to the investors, every bit good as minimising the costs and legal hazards of executing undertakings. Finally, is to by making an alternate environment for Institutional Investors. Capital market mediators such as analysts and investing banker supply unrealistic public presentation outlook and create unsustainable alterations in stock market monetary value, incentives for excessively aggressive, deceitful accounting, and for mismanaged houses. It is a must for investors to separate hearers from advisers, or sell-side analysts from investing bankers, other than have a deeper reconsideration of the ends, inducements and interactions among the capital market mediators. .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .postImageUrl , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:hover , . ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:visited , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:active { border:0!important; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:active , .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; f ont-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueea66c7432b650a2328b14e9ad1459bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Michelangelo Buonarroti Persuasive Essay

Strife monologue from the play by John Galsworth Essay Example For Students

Strife monologue from the play by John Galsworth Essay A monologue from the play by John Galsworthy NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Strife and Other Plays. John Galsworthy. Arlington: Black Box Press, 2008. ANTHONY: We have been made the subject of an attack. I take it on my shoulders. I am seventy-six years old. I have been Chairman of this Company since its inception two-and-thirty years ago. I have seen it pass through good and evil report. My connection with it began in the year that this young man was born. I have had do to with men for fifty years; I\ve always stood up to them; I have never been beaten yet. I have fought the men of this Company four times, and four times I have beaten them. It has been said that I am not the man I was. However that may be, I am man enough to stand to my guns. The men have been treated justly, they have had fair wages, we have always been ready to listen to complaints. It has been said that times have changed; if they have, I have not changed with them. Neither will I. It has been said that masters and men are equal! Cant! There can only be one master in a house! Where two men meet the better man will rule. We will write a custom essay on Strife monologue from the play by John Galsworth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It has been said that Capital and Labour have the same interests. Cant! Their interests are as wide asunder as the poles. It has been said that the Board is only part of a machine. Cant! We are the machine; its brains and sinews; it is for us to lead and to determine what is to be done, and to do it without fear or favour. Fear of the men! Fear of the shareholders! Fear of our own shadows! Before I am like that, I hope to die. There is only one way of treating men—with the iron hand. This half and half business, the half and half manners of this generation, has brought all this upon us. Sentiment and softness, and what this young man, no doubt, would call his social policy. You can\t eat cake and have it! This middle-class sentiment, or socialism, or whatever it may be, is rotten. Masters are masters, men are men! Yield one demand, and they will make it six. They are like Oliver Twist, asking for more. If I were in their place I should be the same. But I am not in their plac e. Mark my words: one fine morning, when you have given way here, and given way there—you will find you have parted with the ground beneath your feet, and are deep in the bog of bankruptcy; and with you, floundering in that bog, will be the very men you have given way to. I have been accused of being a domineering tyrant, thinking only of my pride—I am thinking of the future of this country, threatened with the black waters of confusion, threatened with mob government, threatened with what I cannot see. If by any conduct of mine I help to bring this on us, I shall be ashamed to look my fellows in the face.

Druids essays

Druids essays In 390 BC Gallic Tribes crossed the Alps swept down through Italy and sacked and burnt Rome. The Gauls left the city but for a time they held the northern part of the Italian peninsula. The region south of the Alps became known to the Romans as Cisalpine Gaul or Gaul this side of the Alps. The Gauls were brave and warlike but proved no match for the well trained Romans and were defeated in Italy in 200s BC. Roman invasions of Transalpine Gaul began and they succeeded during the 100s BC in gaining mastery of the strip of Gaul along the Mediterranean Sea. Gaul later suffered heavily through civil wars and barbaric invasions but it passed on a rich cultural tradition to its new masters. Chief among the invaders were the Franks, who came in the late 400s AD. From that time most of Gaul was called France after the Franks. Druids were created by the Celtic settlers in Gaul around the fourth century BC these original druids then mixed their own culture with those of native Gaelic peoples and was later enriched when they reached the According to Caesar the druids held their assemblies in the land of Carnutes, the center of Gaul. Although the Celtic body as a whole was organized into a strict hierarchy, the individual druid lived alone and shared the life of the people. Teaching, School ages, religion, sacrifices Caesar described the Druids as an itinerant priest hood that moved from tribe to tribe exempt from having to pay taxes or taking up arms. Their membership was exclusive. Young men flocked to join their ranks but only those of intellectual aptitude were chosen. Often their numbers were drawn from the Celtic nobility. It is believed that women could also become Druids just as they could warriors and queens. A would be Druid normally entered training at about seven or eight years of age. During the course of this training the student was required to memorise imm ...

Dell Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dell Inc - Essay Example The force of the buyer revolves around the relative strength which the buyer can exert on the business through the course of business transactions. The Force of the Buyer can also be applied to the business in terms of considering the business as a buyer from its suppliers, In each case, however, the relative strength of the company, both when feeling the force buyers exert on it, and as it buys from suppliers, is relatively weak. Neither the company nor the consumers can exert a high level of buying power on the company According to Porter, the power of the buyer is strong when those who buy from the company, or the company as a buyer, exist in a limited marketplace. In other words, when the company exists as a buyer from suppliers, and the company is the only buyer, or one of a limited number of buyers of specific goods and services. (Porter, 1980) An example of this type of relationship could be the Department of Defense as a buyer from defense contractors literally is the only buyer of goods and services for the purpose of our countries defense. (QuickMBA.com, 2004) In this case, the buyer has monopolistic power over the sellers, and can dictate what it wants and how much it is willing to pay. However, no such limited monopoly exists in the computer marketplace. ... Developed as a strategic response to the internet, Dell launched a business model which focused on 'build to order' computers. Rather than guessing what its customers wanted, and building inventory which was then stored in warehouses until ordered, Dell developed an integrated supply chain management system, and then went to the consumer and allowed the end user to drive manufacturing. The company focused on connecting with the consumer's immediate desires, and then building just what was ordered. For Dell, this decision cut costs, and increased the velocity at which the company could operate. According to Bossidy and Charan (2002) Dell became the market leader with this business model. The company turned its inventory 80 times per year, rather than 20 times which is the typical inventory turnover rate of its competitors. Through this strategy, dell became known as the market leader in terms of getting the consumer exactly what he or she wanted, on time, accurately, and at low cost. This positioned Dell to experience the success which it is now struggling to hang onto. However, this does not make Dell a strong buyer as a buyer of goods and services when compared to its competition. Dell, HP, IBM, and Sun Microsystems are all purchasers of similar products. While the companies may have their own idiosyncrasies in terms of what specific parts and pieces they purchase, they are all purchasing the same types of products, and therefore all have similar levels of power in the marketplace as a buyer. Dell may have a larger power in the marketplace than its competitors because of their higher level of volume it consumes. However, the company is not an exclusive

The U.S. Taiwan Trade relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The U.S. Taiwan Trade relations - Essay Example However, the U.S. policy towards the ROC had a major change in 1979 and shifted its diplomatic recognition from ROC to the People’s Republic of China (PRC). But the friendship between the peoples of the United States and ROC continued unofficially and maintained its commercial, cultural, and other major relations. Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) was enacted on March 1979 by U.S. Congress that further strengthened association between the ROC and the United States. The TRA specifies that the United States has to provide Taiwan with necessary defense materials and defense services to protect the country (Taiwan-U.S. Relations 2006). The recognition of People’s Republic of China (PRC) as the legal Chinese government has become the key issue towards the status of Taiwan and U.S. foreign policy. The U.S. policy towards the PRC changed and expanded the economic and political relations with them. Taiwan has become democratic country in the year 2000. In the mean times Taiwan-U.S. relations have suffered set back mainly because of the mistrust between the Bush and Chen administrations; a decline of Taiwan’s willingness to satisfy U.S. prospect about its own self-defense; the breakup of the once-powerful status of Taiwan in the United States; the declining position for Congress; and the utter instability in Taiwan’s domestic political setting. All these transformations are posing challenge to U.S. policy. Since both Taiwan and PRC are involved, the present U.S. policy needs to be reexamined or discarded. But others observe that the very reliability of the U.S. policy structure is vital in running U.S. dealings with both countries and it is to be maintained. Under these circumstances it is suggested that a clear U.S. policy and open relations with Taiwan leaders; maximum U.S. support for Taiwan’s involvement in global institutions; put more pressure on the PRC for discussion to the elected Taiwan government, and give up the use of force; and more

Staff development issues at Natural Knibbles Essay

Staff development issues at Natural Knibbles - Essay Example Natural Knibbles orientation program, which was designed to retain their interest and maintain their job satisfaction revolved around on-job training. This provided the new employees with hands-on experience of the different types of jobs they were supposed to do. The orientation program also paired the new employees with old ones which was called the buddy system. This helped them develop relationships with staff members and also aided them in understanding the cordial work environment at Natural Knibbles. Besides that on-job training is the most cost effective and one of the cheapest forms of training which can be deployed to staff members, thus it was congruent with natural Knibbles cost control goals. The orientation program also rotated the new employees into different positions which also was very likely of the company. Not only did it gave the employees insight into different processes at Natural Knibbles but as it is a small company and employees are employees often cover up for other employees, it gave them a flavor of both multi-tasking and work variation which is common at the company and essential for its growth.

The Tailless Aircraft

The Tailless Aircraft This report on tailless aircraft presents the pros and cons of using such an aircraft design for commercial purposes. The report comprises 4 sections discussing the aerodynamics, structural innovations, engines and overall advantages and disadvantages of tailless aircraft. The aerodynamic study of a tailless aircraft highlights the importance of the wave drag and span loading distribution and different designs that can improve the aerodynamic performance effectively. In structural innovations, several existing tailless aircraft are examined to identify how the structures have been designed to create a successful aircraft. In particular, structures used in the control and stability of the aircraft are examined. As regards to engines, the positioning of the engine and the idea of using a Vertical Takeoff has been discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of a tailless aircraft have been detailed. Introduction Of the aircraft in use today, the vast majority use a tailplane to house rudder and elevators. Aircraft without such a system remain quite rare. However, the concept of tailless aircraft has long been considered by engineers and aviators as an aerodynamically ideal. In the history of the aircraft design several attempts were made to build an aircraft with reduced tail size which has sometimes resulted in smaller drag and weight but has added to controllability problems. Because of this, tailless designs have mostly been used in military applications. In this report we assess whether it is now possible to seriously use this concept in commercial aircraft. Methodology The information contained in this report was primarily gathered from textbooks and internet research. Four different aspects of the subject were identified and each aspect was researched and written up by one member of the group. Additionally, the group were able to examine a harrier jump jet which visited Perth on 7th May 2010. Results of findings The following table summarises what the research has revealed: Negative points Lower profile and interference drag Lift to drag ratio increases by 20-25% Engines can be positioned in the centre rear instead of a tail, providing the additional advantage of directional stability Roll control is more efficient due to large wingspan The tip of the wing aerofoil is not near the stall angle due to backward sweep along with twisted wing tip Vertical takeoff is not practical since a large commercial aircraft weighs too much for the thrust available from current engine technology to overcome Directional control is more difficult to achieve without adding a rudder assembly The triangular spanwise aerodynamic loading distribution does not give the best aerodynamic performance even though the wave drag is the reduced. Section 1: Aerodynamics This section of the report discusses the aerodynamics of a tailless aircraft and various factors affecting the same. A tailless a is a revolutionary conceptual change from the classical design that has been prevailing for the past 50 years i.e. a wing attached to a cylindrical fuselage with a tail to ensure the stability and manoeuvrability of the aircraft. Lower wetted area (area which is in contact with the external airflow) to volume ratio and lower interference drag is the main aerodynamic advantage of a tailless aircraft in comparison with the conventional aircraft. On the aerodynamic performance side, the maximum lift-to-drag ratio depends on the ratio of the aircraft span to the square root of the product of the induced drag factor and the zero-lift drag area, which is proportional to the wetted area of the aircraft. () max = Where Cf is the average friction co-efficient (mainly dependent on the Reynolds number) over the wetted area Swet and is the friction co-efficient. Since the tailless aircraft have a lower aspect ratio but also a lower friction co-efficient due to its larger chord, we always get smaller relative wetted area. This provides a substantial improvement in aerodynamic performance by increasing the lift-to-drag ratio of tailless aircraft in cruise to about 20-25% as compared to the conventional aircrafts. The BWB-450 and BWB-800 were designed to compare with the existing fleet of conventional aircrafts as Boeing 747 and Airbus 380. BWB-450 was presented with the span and the aspect ratio being reduced to 80 m and 7.55 respectively, thereby concluding a decrease in 30%fuel burn per seat for the BWB models as compared to other conventional aircrafts and thus requiring 3 instead of 4 engines. Moreover another such design project was successfully completed, which is based on a similar payload and performance as Airbus 380 with over 650 passengers. The configuration of the project is well suited for the application of laminar flow technology (which results in skin friction drag) to the engine Nacelle and potentially to the lifting surfaces. Also an increase in cruise Mach number increases the drag making the design of aircraft unfeasible.

Accounting Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accounting technician is an occupation that is needed in many aspects of our society. If you like to work with mathematics, computer and money management, a suitable occupation for you is accounting technician. To achieve your goal, you need to be familiar with the job description and duties, working conditions, education and training program, job opportunities and financial aspects. Job Description and Duties   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accounting technicians keep systematic records of business transactions. For example, they make bank deposits and reconcile records of bank transactions. These technicians also assist with accounts receivable and accounts payable records, ledgers and journals. They use computers to calculate, prepare and process invoices, accounts payable and receivable, budget documents and other routine financial records. They also have other duties, such as performing computer data entry and analysis functions, preparing, typing and mailing monthly customer statements, taking telephone orders, making up cheques and assisting with payroll calculations. Working Conditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accounting technicians usually work regular weekday hours in a comfortable office environment. During peak business periods, overtime may be required. However, in the service industry, standard hours may be different. Education and Training Programs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The educational requirements for t...

Fairy Tale Analysis Essay

â€Å"Fairytales are unique, not only as a form of literature, but as works of art which are fully comprehensible to the child as no other form of art is. † we were introduced several versions of Cinderella in â€Å"Damsels in Distress†. For generations, the Cinderella story had been one of the most popular fairytales around the world; there are countless modified versions of it. For this analysis, I chose â€Å"Cinderella† by Charles Perrault and â€Å"Ashputtle† by the Grimm Brothers and applying them to the ideas from the article, â€Å"The Struggle for Meaning†. The most familiar version of â€Å"Cinderella† in western society was the written by Charles Perrault in 1667, it was then later used by Disney for a children’s film production. The Grimm Bothers’ modified version of the story is mainly based on Perrault’s version with a little twist in it. In general, both of the stories share a similar story-line. A widower with his daughter (Cinderella or Ashputtle) was remarried to a â€Å"stuck-up† woman and her two daughters. The man’s daughter are Cinderella or Ashputtle, they were named by their stepsisters, and have been treated poorly by their stepsisters. It happened that the King of the kingdom had a son who was anxious to get married; so he gave a ball, and invited all the ladies in the kingdom to go to it. Cinderella (or Ashputtle) was invited, but her evil stepsisters forced her not to go. Cinderella (Or Ashputtle) made a wish to go to the ball, and magic happened, it clothed her in a beautiful dress, but it will only last until midnight. The Prince fell in love with her at the ball at first site, but Cinderella (Or Ashputtle) ran home, leaving only a glass shoe behind, because it was almost midnight. The prince ordered every woman in the kingdom to try it on, he knew he found the real Cinderella (or Ashputtle) when no other woman in the kingdom could fit the glass shoe but Cinderella (Or Ashputtle). The authors made the morals of Cinderella and Ashputtle very clear. The story of Cinderella had one simple moral, always be generous to people, Cinderella accepted her sisters’ apologies at the end of the story. Ashputtle had the same moral but told in a different way, Karma will always strike back; Ashputtle’s sisters’ eyes were pecked out for treating Ashputtle poorly. â€Å"Many parents believe that only conscious reality or pleasant and wish fulfilling images should be presented to the child- that he should be exposed only to the sunny side of things. But such one-sided fare nourishes the mind only in one-sided way, and real life is not all sunny. † In Bruno Bettelheim’s â€Å"The Struggle For Meaning†, Mr. Bettelheim talked about how fairy tales can be so effective at grasping children’s minds into the ideas and morals of the fairy tales. â€Å"A child needs to understand what is going on within his conscious self so that he can also cope with that which goes on in his unconscious. † Cinderella is a very â€Å"effective† story, just like children’s fantasy, the setting of the story is in a kingdom involved with kings and queens. The magic is a crucial part of the story of Cinderella; it turned the ordinary story into a fascinating fairytale. Most fairytales gives the reader a straightforward message to the moral. This way, it allows younger audiences to relate to the main character or the hero of the story to him or herself to understand the story, â€Å"The more simple and straightforward a good character, the easier for a child to identify the hero from the villain. † Ultimately, the message sent to the child from Cinderella is, â€Å"bad guys die, I don’t want to die, I want to be good. Another reason that fairytales are effective, â€Å"In fairytales, as in life, punishment or fear of it is only a limited deterrent to crime† â€Å"Deeper meaning resides in the fairy tales told to me in my childhood than in the truth that is taught by life† (The Piccolomini,III,4. ) Fairytales portray realistic views of human nature and struggles while incorporating enchanting fictional themes and characters, after all it’s this fictious fantasy sparks the reader’s interest, as they may find some valuable meanings of life from the tale.

Essay on 1What Is Literature

Essay on 1What Is Literature Essay on 1What Is Literature FIRST YEAR NOVEL COURSE LECTURE 1 Definition of literature and characteristics of a literary work WHAT IS LITERATURE? ï‚ž Literature can be generally defined as any written work that is produced for an artistic purpose, rather than merely to communicate information . A literary work, therefore, often has certain characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of writing. These characteristics will be outlined in the following slides. 1. LITERATURE IS FICTIONAL ï‚ž Most works of literature are fictional: they tell about imaginary or unreal people, places and events. In fantasy fiction, for example, human beings fly, perform magic remain young, travel through time, and live happily ever after. ï‚ž Even historical literature, which is based on actual events, is fictional. It includes characters, 2. LITERATURE IS AESTHETIC ï‚ž Literature is aesthetic as it gives a sense of pleasure to the reader. ï‚ž This pleasure rests in the way authors use literary conventions, such as metaphor, symbolism, irony , suspense, and poetic language to enhance and communicate ideas. 3. THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE ï‚ž The medium of literature, whether oral or written, is language. ï‚ž Authors of literature use language in special ways. One of those ways is an emphasis on connotative rather than denotative meanings of words. ï‚ž For example, scientists use THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE-CONTINUED ï‚ž In contrast, writers of literature use language connotatively: they emphasize the emotional

Igor Sikorsky and the History of the Helicopter

Igor Sikorsky and the History of the Helicopter During the mid-1500s, Italian inventor Leonardo Da Vinci made drawings of an ornithopter flying machine that some experts say inspired the modern helicopter. In 1784, French inventors named Launoy and Bienvenue created a toy with a rotary-wing that could lift and fly. The toy proved the principle of helicopter flight. Origins of the Name In 1863, the French writer Ponton DAmecourt was the first person to coin the term helicopter from the words hello for spiral and pter for wings. The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu in 1907.  However, this design did not work. French inventor Etienne Oehmichen was more successful. He built and flew a helicopter one kilometer in 1924. Another early helicopter that flew for a decent distance was the German Focke-Wulf Fw 61, invented by an unknown designer. Who Invented the Helicopter? Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the father of helicopters not because he was the first to invent it, but because he invented the first successful helicopter upon which further designs were based. One of aviations greatest designers, Russian-born Igor Sikorsky began work on helicopters as early as 1910. By 1940, Igor Sikorskys successful VS-300 had become the model for all modern single-rotor helicopters. He also designed and built the first military helicopter, the XR-4, which he delivered to Colonel Franklin Gregory of the U.S. Army. Igor Sikorskys helicopters had the control capabilities to fly safely forwards and backward, up and down, and sideways. In 1958, Igor Sikorskys rotorcraft company made the worlds first helicopter that had a boat hull. It could land and take off from the water. The design floated on water as well. Stanley Hiller In 1944, American inventor Stanley Hiller, Jr. made the first helicopter with all-metal rotor blades that were very stiff. They allowed the helicopter to fly at speeds much faster than before. In 1949, Stanley Hiller piloted the first helicopter flight across the United States, piloting a helicopter that he invented called the Hiller 360. In 1946, Arthur Young of the Bell Aircraft company designed the Bell Model 47 helicopter, the first helicopter to have a full bubble canopy. Well-Known Helicopter Models Throughout History SH-60 SeahawkThe UH-60 Black Hawk was fielded by the Army in 1979. The Navy received the SH-60B Seahawk in 1983 and the SH-60F in 1988. HH-60G Pave HawkThe Pave Hawk is a highly-modified version of the Army Black Hawk helicopter and features an upgraded communication and navigation suite. The design includes an integrated inertial navigation/global positioning/Doppler navigation system, satellite communications, secure voice, and Have Quick frequency-hopping communications. CH-53E Super StallionThe Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion is the largest helicopter in the western world. CH-46D/E Sea KnightThe CH-46 Sea Knight was first procured in 1964. AH-64D Longbow ApacheThe AH-64D Longbow Apache is the most advanced, versatile, survivable, deployable, and maintainable multi-role combat helicopter in the world. Paul E. Williams  (U.S. patent #3,065,933)On November 26, 1962, African-American inventor Paul E. Williams patented a helicopter named the Lockheed Model 186 (XH-51). It was a compound experimental  helicopter,  and only 3 units were built.

Analyze policy that guides community services for older adults Research Paper

Analyze policy that guides community services for older adults - Research Paper Example Demographics define people with different social relationships and design needs. According to the 2002 U.S. Census, the older adults constitute 35.6 million that is 12.3% of the country’s population. By 2020, it is foreseen that 17% of the population will be 65 years old and over. The census revealed that 20.8 million women were 65 years old and above, while men were 14.8 million (Anderson, 2011). According to Anderson (2011), the U.S. Census Bureau in 2008, predicted that by 2030, individuals aged 85 years, and above will rise from 4.6 million to 9.6 million (p.6). Medicare is a federal insurance scheme for persons aged 65 years and above. The insurance cover considers those persons with disability. Individuals aged 65 years and above qualify for Medicare benefits and are allowed to apply in part of fully. The other group of individuals who qualify for Medicare are those eligible for social security. One becomes eligible through FICA contributions that occurred during the time he/she was working, or one was married to a person who did. Medicare gives two kinds of insurance that is the traditional fee-for-service option and Medicare advantage. In traditional option, the client is insured by the government while the Medicare advantage is given to individuals who depend on private plan for their benefits. In the traditional option, the Medicare plan is divided into two parts, that is, part A and B. It reflects the division on the funding of the schedule. The part A gets funding from a part of the taxation of social security benefits and payroll taxes. The areas covered by part A include hospice services, some home health care, inpatient hospital care and skilled nursing benefits. On the other hand, part B covers outpatient hospital care, some health care, ambulatory services, physician and associated services. For individuals who qualify for type A receives the

Contract & Purchase Negotiation Creating a Deadlock Flinching Essay

Contract & Purchase Negotiation Creating a Deadlock Flinching - Essay Example Deadlocks in negotiations can be overcome through the set aside tactic; changing the mood from competitive or resistive to cooperative; introducing deadlines; changing the negotiating team to find conforming match to other party or to ease emotional baggage etc. Flinching is a manipulative tactic used by offerees in contract negotiations. No matter how sweet an offer is, offerees would act indignantly to conceal their joy as way to convince the offerors that their offer or proposal is not sufficiently good. Flinching can take such forms: gasping for air suddenly, shaking of the head and visible expressions of shock, disappointment, and surprise. However, as offeror you can overcome flinching technique by sticking to your initial request and avoiding statements such as, lets now look the costs because they can force you into concessions. On the other hand, offerees can neutralize ‘flinching’ by using questions to get to the bottom of the proposed terms to determine if the other party is trying pulling a fast one or is being honest with the stated

Working capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Working capital - Essay Example Accounts receivable analysis is very important for cash is the lifeblood of the company. Accounts receivable must be converted to cash as soon as possible. This is where the AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD financial management tool is used regularly. The longer the average collection period, the lesser the liquidity ratio will be. The average collection period is dependent on the accounts receivable customers' ability to pay. To go deeper into the analysis, Ability to pay is dependent on the accounts receivable clients' liquidity. A client that has just lost his or her job will have difficulty to pay your accounts receivable. A customer that has just run away because such customer has not intention of paying you when you will both meet will also affect the average collection period. When the average collection period is decreased, then the availability of the cash will increase liquidity. The increase in liquidity will result to a better financial statement. A better financial statement picture will increase the company's probability for the bank's approval of its long-term loan. It also follows that sales are generated through the use of two methods. Cash sales are the first method of sales generation. Cash is received in exchange for goods that are sold to the company's customers.The second method (credit or account sales) will generate twice or even thrice the total amount of cash sales that the business produces. Are the sales on account Customers are allowed to take home the products they want to buy and the cash payment will be received either a few days or a few months or even a year or more from the customers' actual taking possession of the products sold. It is also common knowledge, from personal experiences since our childhood transactions that not all things borrowed will be returned.Therefore, since some of the objects like books, pencils, bikes, or car, cash and others will be borrowed, we have accept the fact that there is a fine line between borrowers where companies are at risk of not being paid and the borrowers who are of good standing bec ause they pay their monthly dues on time. One of the criteria that the banks and other business institutions approve the sale to clients ON CREDIT is to determine, based on the CREDIT customers' work related data, that there is a probability that the customers will pay their dues on time.Allowance for Doubtful accounts is the accounting title for the estimated amount of accounts receivables from customers, subsidiary companies, branches and others that has a high probability of not being paid. The average collection period is the average length of time that the accounts receivables will not be paid by accounts receivable customers. It is simply the quotient when the total outstand accounts receivable is divided by the average daily sales. Another term for this is the collection ratio. The main headache of the finance director of Raphael limited is that the company had

Renting vs. Buying a Home Essay Example for Free

Renting vs. Buying a Home Essay Everyday someone is making the decision to move, whether it be across the country or a few blocks away. When you make the decision to move the next question that comes up is whether or not you should buy or rent a home. Careful consideration should be given when making this decision; carefully look at your finances and family situation. Buying a home should never be done lightly and if buying is too much for your family then perhaps renting is the option that you may want to consider. Take a look at the various options and no matter what you decide to do, buy or rent, the choice should suit your financial needs, location, your responsibilities, and family’s needs. Ask yourself if you have the money to buy a home or do you simply rent? When buying a home, your mortgage payments stay the same for the life of the loan. There was a time when you needed to have 20% for the down payment and also have the money for the closing costs, but that isn’t the case anymore. There are different types of loans that will enable the average person to only need 3.5% down and 3.5% of the closing costs, the rest will figured into your loan amount. Anything that you do pay towards your new home is tax deductable. Now don’t forget to figure in property taxes and insurance, those are the items that can go up in price as time goes by. The best part about renting a home is that you only need to have the first and last month’s rent and perhaps a small deposit for keeping a dog or a cat. Some rents can go up every year, but the average is 5% every year. A very serious question to consider is whether or not you can live where you want to live and once that’s settled, then you might want to consider if you want to stay there. When buying a home you can live anywhere there is a home for sale, the choice is yours. The decision in staying where you buy might be taken out of hands if you can’t sell right away and most economists will tell you th at you should stay in your home at least 7 years in order to benefit from buying. The same  applies for renting a home, you can live anywhere there is a home or apartment for rent, again the choice is yours. The deal with renting is that you have to stay as long as your lease is in effect, which can usually go from year to year and gives you more flexibility if you want to move. Considering the responsibility that you will need to give towards your residence, careful thought should be given. When you buy a home the responsibility to maintain the home and fix things that need to be repaired are all yours. You pay to have someone fix your home or do it yourself, either way if it needs to be done you are the one to do it. Having to take responsibility for your own repairs and maintenance is not all bad; there is a pride that comes with home ownership. There are certain repairs that are tax deductable and also certain improvements that are tax deductable, check with your local IRS office and find out what you as a home owner can take advantage of. When you rent a home or apartment the repairs are the responsibility of the owner of the property and that isn’t you. When you rent if there is something that does need to be repaired, you are at the mercy of the owner to get the repairs done. Sometimes you have to wait an indefinite amount of time and sometimes they fix things right away, the choice is theirs to make and they may not see a problem as urgent. In addition to responsibility, you really need to consider whether or not your decision makes sense for your family. When buying a home, your investing in the future of your family, everything you do to improve your home increases the value. When buying a home, the home is yours to do with as you like, as long as you follow the codes in your area, you can add a room, tear down a wall or paint the house orange, no one can tell you that you what to do. Most children and adults thrive in a stable environment and owning your home can give that stability. Perhaps your family can get that dog they have all been talking about, install a pool, or plant trees. The problem can arise with the uncertainty of the unknown, we do not know what is going to happen tomorrow, will your job relocate, will you still have a job, and will this new home be all that we hoped it would be; buyer’s remorse can be a very real dilemma. When renting you have freedom, all your time, effort, and money is not put into taking care of the place where you live. Speaking of freedom, renting is the best way to see if an area suits you and your family before you make that big commitment to buy. If you are not sure where you  want your family to live for the next few years, then renting can be a way to try out new places and give you a chance to find the place that works for you. There are so many things to consider in the decision to buy or rent a home, as a consumer only you know what is right for you and your family. Studies show that buying a home is the better deal in the long run, but sometimes that may not suit your needs. There are so many pro’s and con’s to either choice, do I want to do repairs, can I do repairs, can I have animals, do I want to stay in the same place for more than 7 years, do I like the area? When I made the decision to buy my own home I had lived in the same area for more than 10 years and I knew that I wanted the freedom of owning, I wanted something that is all my own, but it took some time renting to come to that decision and what is right for me might not be right for someone else. Whatever you decide to do buy or rent, that choice should suit all your needs and the needs of your family.

Essay --

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was one of the most devastating times in the history of the United States of America, it plagued each city and town with starvation, homelessness and even suicide. The twenties were truly a tough time for the US and all of its citizens. The Roaring Twenties, the decade that came after World War I and inevitably led to the Wall Street Crash, came in a time where money and wealth were prevalent. Coming after the war, the United States had great confidence, a large amount of Americans who lived in secluded areas or small towns moved to the big cities to promote an industrial living style in the United States. While the American cities flourished and blossomed into the greatest places on earth,the amount of people who moved to the big cities left the agricultural ways of the US in the dust, leaving the farmers in economic shock, making agriculture the main reason for a major loss of money in the US. This happened throughout the decade and would later be blam ed as one the main factors that led to the 1929 stock market crash. Over the weekend of October 26th and 27th , the activity of the Stock Market was known and read all across the United States. On October 28, "Black Monday", a huge amount of investors decided to abandon the stock market in order to maintain their personal wealth, and the downfall erupted with a record loss in Dow Jones Industrial for the day of 38.33 points, or 13%.(Galbraith 47) The next day, "Black Tuesday", October 29, 1929, about sixteen million shares were traded, and Dow Jones lost an additional 30 points, or 12%, talk flurried that U.S. President Herbert Hoover would not veto the pending Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. The volume of stocks traded in order to maintain wealth or at... ...usinessmen in 1932 when things were just about at their worst. Squalid cardboard campsites were created in cities to live in...called "Hoovervilles". The nick-name of the soup given out by charities for the unemployed was "Hoover stew". However, Hoover did do some good. Money was used to create jobs to build things such as the Hoover Dam. In 1932 he gave $300 million to the states to help the unemployed (Emergency Relief and Reconstruction Act) but it had little impact as states run by the Republicans believed in "rugged individualism" more than Hoover did and they used only $30 million of the money offered to them. Which seems backwards, but they stood behind what they believed in and it ended out fine. The stock market crash of 1929 was the most significant crash in U.S. history. Although the crash itself only lasted four days, it led to a catastrophic sell-off.

My Counseling Theory Paper Essay

Running head:Finding Meaning Finding Meaning in Life Sandy Patty Made Up University Abstract What is to be said about life and circumstances? There are many different theories and perspectives about it, but my concern is when someone feels they have to be subject to their circumstance. Further in this paper I will discuss my personal counseling theory and how I believe that not one person has to be ruled by a certain circumstance and that they are not by any means validated by one person because they have the opportunity to discover meaning in their life for themselves and discover an array of opportunities in life. Finding Meaning in Life Introduction My story is not something new or one that has never been told before, but it is unique to me and bears significant value due to the way that it shaped and formed me into the person I am today and the reason for me pursuing a career in counseling. I come from a mixed, biracial, and very religious family. The women in my family all seem to have gone through significant and grave hardships and/or traumatic experiences. My grandmother was sold as a sex slave when she was 3 years old because her Mother was dirt poor and needed money to sustain her drug/alcohol addiction. At an early age my grandmother was forced into prostitution as a way of life and a means to sustain herself. She then later met my grandfather who was a minister in a local religious church and they married. My mother was born into a very religious environment, strict dress codes, no jewelry, makeup, pants, they were forcefully instructed that they were the lesser of men, and they were to always obey their husband regardless of the issue or circumstance. During my Mother’s adolescent years she was a victim of child molest and the perpetrator was an important figure in the church. When my Mother attempted to tell my grandmother what had happened, she was severely physically punished and accused of lying. Since then, she never once told a soul as it continued to occur. She had become a pin-cushion for a â€Å"religious leader† within the church. Later on in life, my Mother met my father who was a young youth pastor in town and they married. My father was also a very religious man and held strongly to his beliefs. My parents struggled financially and experienced many hardships due to church and family. I believe my parents were somewhat forced in marriage at such an early age due to their religious setting and they were not prepared at all for what faced them ahead. My mother had children by age 19 and her life changed dramatically. My one and only older sibling was born and he became the closest thing to a mentor that I had. I too, grew up in a very religious and strict home environment. We were taught that there was only one way to live and it was according to the Bible and the rules taught in Church, anything else was unacceptable and reprimanded. My father was always a very hard worker and was hardly home due to working so many jobs in order to provide for the family. When he was home, I remember him and my mother arguing constantly due to issues with his family interfering with their marriage and finances. From an early age, I remember my mother crying and coming to me to talk about what was bothering her or issues with my father. I would just listen and offer advice as best as an 8 yr. old could and I remember thinking to myself, â€Å"Is this normal, am I supposed to be doing this?It felt strange and hard to not be biased in a situation involving my family, but I learned at a very young age things a child should not know or experience. I definitely had to grow up quick and learned to figure things out on my own. My older brother pretty much raised me and was the only person I could confide in or talk to. My family was not very affectionate, but rather very cold and distant and always brought everything back to a religious setting. I have always been told I was very mature for my age and I attribute this to my childhood or lack thereof and being forced to play an adult role due to circumstance. I do not write this story for pity, but rather because I believe it played a significant role in me pursuing counseling as a career path. It feels so natural for me when I’m talking to people because it was something I can always remember doing. From such an early age, I have always been engaged with older people and hearing about issues from failed relationships to traumatic/crisis situations. I strongly believe that this is one of the reasons I am not a very judgmental person because I feel I have experienced so much that I know what it is like to go through many different situations and not so pleasant circumstances. Core Theoretical Principles My counseling theory is that even though human beings have the need for approval or longing of someone else to bring substantial meaning in their life, they are not by any means validated by any one person or situation because you focus on the present and future and make the most of your circumstance. I experienced that in my childhood every time I saw my mother and father arguing and later I would hear from her what exactly happened between them. I remember thinking to myself that why would someone stay in an abusive situation or at least not stand up for themselves. I concluded that she needed to be validated by the relationship and for her to leave the relationship or stand up for herself would mean to defy her husband, church, and God. The Existential theory really brought insight into my life because it helped me understand what I always knew and from what I had experienced at an early age. In essence Existentialism states that we are not victims of circumstance because, to a large extent, we are what we choose to be (Corey, 2009, pg. 133). It is about recognizing certain tragedies experienced in life, but also embracing and understanding the positive opportunities that lie ahead, and to also comprehend the fact that we are human and what it means to be just that. It is a difficult concept to grasp at first because society teaches us that it is about building relationships and finding someone to validate who you are as a person, but existentialism is about understanding and facing the fact that we are essentially alone and facing that anxiety. It is in this theory that we tend to discover just who we are as a person and are able to discover more about ourselves and make sense of our existence. According to Carl Rogers, his experience taught him that if one is able to get to the core of an individual, one finds a trustworthy, positive center. He believed that people are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self-understanding and self-direction, able to make constructive changes, and able to live effective and productive lives. In this theory, I believe that despite circumstance, a person is able to â€Å"bounce back† and still be able to live a healthy and high functioning life. I would incorporate what Car Rogers expressed as the three main attributes needed to foster change, Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, and Accurate Empathic Understanding. For me, it has always been very important for me to deal with someone on a personal level, never forgetting that we are all humans and not above anyone else. I honestly believe that when you treat someone with respect regardless of age, gender, race, etc. then trust and respect is created and that is the number one element in any counseling relationship. Gestalt is another form of holistic psychology theory and one that I would strongly employ because I am a firm believer in perception and the meaning-making process. Gestalt therapy suggests that the objective is to enable the client to become more fully and creatively alive and to become free from the blocks and unfinished business that may diminish satisfaction, fulfillment, and growth, and to experiment with new ways of being (Corey, 2009, pg. 204). It looks at the bigger picture as a whole not just one part of the whole because I believe in order to truly understand someone you need to perhaps dissect pieces, but only in order to understand the whole. Anticipated Settings I currently am employed at a Child & Family Advocacy Center that helps victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, and elder abuse. I have always been interested in the helping profession and because of my childhood and the many different experiences and circumstances I encountered, I have always known I wanted to work in this specific area in order to attempt to make a change and help people who fall victims of such a terrible circumstance. As a future counselor I would like to remain relatively in the same field of helping victims of a crime, which include sexual assault, child molest, and domestic violence. I have seen and experienced all of this personally whether with family or friends and I have a passion and urge to help make a difference. I believe that life is definitely not fair, people are played the cards they are dealt, but also that a person is not validated by their past circumstances or anyone and it is up to them to find meaning in their life and discover who they are and want to become. Techniques I believe that it is necessary to provide adequate education and training to all the community because there are many people who unaware of the laws that can protect them from crimes and they are also unaware of the many various options they have to change their situation. I would employ an ongoing community education program offering free training to local offices, schools, day cares, etc. , just to spread the word of the different community resources available to help the people. In working closely with and advocacy center, I would incorporate a domestic violence group that is not biased and one that actually helpful to people and does not enable them. Unfortunately, services in this area are limited to the same service providers and people are left with limited options. Too many times, clients have approached me with disappointment in therapist they have encountered and they are turned off by the idea of counseling because of several negative experiences. I am very passionate about this type of work specifically because of my past and I would like to genuinely be able to help people in these types of situations and therefore, would in the future, like to offer counseling services specifically to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and/or child abuse. I would not be biased, and because of my past I understand what it is like to live in that type of situation and I also understand leaving is not always the easiest decision a person can make because there are many factors to consider. People in these types of situations are very unique in the fact that they have learned to survive on their own and know what they need to do or to say the right thing in order to survive. This is not a situation where one counseling theory covers all clients, so I would tailor each to the specific person because I understand their situation is unique and requires a technique to match. Also, I believe that it is vital to establish a healthy relationship with the client in order for them to trust you and open up to you. I would incorporate many of the Rogerian techniques regarding the genuine relationship with the client, trusting environment. Victims of any of these types of crime have been through some of the most horrendous situations and they have learned to adapt to the perpetrators needs and threats. If a counselor walks into a session with an â€Å"all knowing† authoritative attitude it will discourage the victim from speaking the truth and the counselor will have lost, which may have been the only opportunity, to help the victim possible change their circumstance. I would enter into the counselor/client relationship giving respect and trust on my part and genuinely attempting to get to know the client and their unique situation. I would also involve the client every step of the way because it is this same client that returns to their situation at home and not me so I would always need to have their best interest and safety in mind. The clients would not just be another file on my desk, but rather a person who’s life can be altered by perhaps just one meeting in counseling so what better change to reach out and try and help someone. It is with this that I would definitely incorporate many of the existential techniques in helping clients find meaning in their life by exploring their different life situations. Limitations A very common limitation that I experience already in the line of work I do now is the fact that even though I am passionate about this field, the actuality of it is that I cannot change a person, they have to decide for themselves when that change is appropriate. Many times I have seen counselors burnout in this field because they feel they are not making any significant change due to many victims returning to the same abusive relationship or circumstance. So in theory, all of these techniques and theories are wonderful, but in reality they are dependent on the client. Summary Life is simple, it’s just not easy. People have to play the cards they are dealt. Life is not fair by any means and we could use this as an excuse to wallow in pity or use it to motivate us to overcome and conquer our situation. We are not validated by any one circumstance or person, we can choose to discover for ourselves who we are and who we wish to become. My personal counseling theory is just that, very personal because it was unknowingly developed over time due mostly through what I have experienced in life.

Ethical decisions and informed consent Essay

In all counseling programs meant for children and adolescents, it is very important that the parents be involved. The parents would require knowing the results of the psychological analysis, most probably in concern for the well being of their wards. However, in certain cases, the children or the adolescents might not intent the parents to know the details of their case. Like an adult patient, the child patient would want to ensure confidentiality of their case. However, it is also important to know that the child would not be in a position to make a proper decision regarding their treatment. Hence, it is very important to ensure that confidentiality exists to a limited extent in such cases. The counselors would have to protect the adolescent and the teenager regarding the individual case. They have to maintain strict confidentiality and should not inform anybody about the details of their case. However, the counselor would also have to inform the parent, as the parents are in the best position in making a valuable decision about their wards. The child or adolescent may be acting out of immaturity in these cases. It is also important to keep in mind that issues regarding the sexual activity of the child and the interventions required for the treatment of a sexually transmitted disease differs from one state to another. Certain issues such as abuse, neglect, presence of any risk or danger to others, etc, have to be reported to the parents. The counselor should be aware that the parents have rights of the children. Only the relevant information has to be disclosed to the parents so that they can make an informed decision for the welfare of their wards. The information presented should be accurate and comprehensive. In this case the parents would have to be informed if any case of neglect, abuse, harm to the child, etc is present. Treatment of a sexually transmitted disease may have to be reported in case the child may cause the risk of transmitting it to other people. The counselor should also try to determine if any danger is present for the 15-year-old client from any other party. If any such danger were present, the counselor would have to ensure that the child is adequately protected by informing the parents. In all cases, the counselor, to determine the need for informing the parents, should conduct a thorough assessment of the situation.

The Impact of E

The Impact of E Abstract Background: Traditional ways of doing business are changing. More efficient ways of doing business are coming up as a result of transformation in communication technologies. Advancement in information technologies has brought about the internet which is an efficient electronic tool of communication. With the internet, there has been the development of e-commerce which has totally transformed business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of E-Commerce Technologies on Business Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aims: There are voluminous benefits of e-commerce with some few constraints. This paper looks into e-commerce: the rate at which it has been adopted in business, its benefits and challenges. Method: This paper looked into different aspects of e-commerce especially so in business organizations. Data about e-commerce, its adoption in business and how it is changing business was gathered fro m different sources more so the latest academic journals and books. From the data, findings and conclusions were derived. Results: From all the data and literature collected it was evident that e-commerce is the way to go in business because. E-commerce has revitalized and paced up the rate at which business transactions take place. A few challenges of adopting e-commerce were also identified in the literature. Conclusion: The findings in this research are important and can act as motivators for businesses which have not fully incorporated e-commerce business practices. The conclusion is drawn from literature and highlights the areas of importance. Major points are noted here. Introduction The world has witnessed major development in the communication technology sector. These developments have affected virtually all aspects of the society. The advancement in the communication technology witnessed the advent of the World Wide Web. A lot of developments have further been noted in the World Wide Web. All this can be described as a process or a journey that began in the early years of the 20th century. The web has been structured so that it could capture different needs in business. Traditional business was facing many challenges. One of the main challenges of early commerce is that it entirely depended on the manual transactions. These transactions were slower, inefficient and pegged on physical proximity of business people.Advertising Looking for essay on essay? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the second half of the 20th century, the development of the internet and the worldwide web gained momentum. It pace of growth accelerated. Though many advanced business firms had already began using the internet or web services in transacting, it is at this time that many businesses began gaining the real sense of e-commerce in business enhancement (Ching and Ellis, 2004). Therefore, many firms began mak ing efforts to connect and export their businesses to the internet and the World Wide Web. Firms began realizing the benefits of the web service. However, this was met with various bottlenecks as it is common with new technologies. The benefits of e-commerce continued to take root in business as a significant number of people were absorbed into using the e-web services or the internet. E-commerce can be defined as a process through which products are bought and sold using the electronic data transmission services. These services are found on the internet and the worldwide web. There is a broad range of e-commerce activities. Among them is an online shopping, online retailing, e-selling and purchasing, e-procurement, e-travelling, online banking electronic payment of online services and online investment (Grandona and Pearson, 2004). As it is today, the use of the internet has spread world over with more than a billion people being active users of the internet. The internet has becom e a lifestyle for most people and even organizations. It would be unreasonable for any person to argue that the web has not revolutionized business as this is too obvious and evident in different business sectors. E-commerce is used in different kinds of business: both products-centered and service-oriented businesses. With the help of e-commerce technologies and services, business firms have been able to form and expand their customer bases. Customers can also easily access business products and services. Therefore, e-commerce has a positive impact in business. This is because it acts to promote business excellence and performance (McIvor, Humphreys and Huang, 2001). This paper thus assesses the level of e-commerce use within businesses and the benefits and setbacks associated with e-commerce implementation and use in business firms. Literature Review E-commerce activities There are different types of e-commerce services most of which aim at accelerating the pace of service deliver y and enhancing efficiency and effectiveness while delivering services. The first e-commerce service is the business-to-consumer (B2C). In such services, organizations seek to use e-technologies to reach their customers or consumers in a more expansive way. We also have business-to-business e-commerce services (B2B). This takes place in the transaction between different firms. B2B services are used in business development as organizations work with others to maximize on business functions. A firm may be working with another supplier organization or the industry from where it gets some of its supplies or where it takes supplies. The working between and among these organizations can be enhanced if the organization opts to adopt B2B services. This will only be effective when both organizations are using e-services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of E-Commerce Technologies on Business Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consumer to consumer C2C is another e-service. This mostly happens in internet auctions and classified advertisements. C2C selling is common in a number of countries where buying and selling takes place on auctions sites with auctions being conducted by intermediary firms like e-Bay (Rainer Cegielski, 2011). Business-to-employee (B2E) services are used for enhancing the relationship between the organization and its workforce. The organization uses e-commerce to give information and provide services to the employees. Through E-services, employees are enabled to manage the benefits from the organization. Employees are also allowed to take classes electronically. The access and transacting of the business of the organization becomes easier due to easy access to information and other services. B2E is used in human resource management to improve employee-management relationships in the organization. It improves organizational delivery (Rainer Cegielski, 2011). Lastl y, there is the e-governance, which is the incorporation of e-commerce in public administration. Governments are continuing to adopt e-commerce strategies in public services. This is aimed at making the public service efficient and speeding up public transactions. When the delivery of public services is improved the business environment is greatly improved. The public service is the major determiner of the business atmosphere and environment in any given nation. They give supportive services to both public and private enterprises (Cui, Zhang, Zhang and Huang, 2006). Applying e-commerce in technical firms In the past two decades, there has been a change in the application of e-commerce in business. E-commerce application in firms has been shifting from its earlier focus on technology to focus on technology users. Therefore, e-commerce has become identified in communication and strategies as well as the general business practices. E-commerce helps in the exchange of information and ea ses the execution of business transactions between individuals and enterprises. E-commerce enables firms to adopt electronic communication practices in business processes via the Electronic Data Interchange. E-commerce has found a very soft ground especially in technology intensive industries like the Pharmaceutical industry.Advertising Looking for essay on essay? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such industries utilize high levels of technology thus e-commerce services will easily blend with the practices in these industries boosting the rate of transactions. For firms in these industries to perform well and sustain their growth, as well as gain competitive advantage over other firms, they must adapt and implement innovative technologies. E-commerce is one of these required technologies as it gives firms in the industry an enhanced mode of transacting. E-commerce has far-reaching positive effects when applied on a business-to-business basis. An example is when different enterprises within the industry converges with the aim of consulting on processes and crafting key decisions on products such as clinical development and test of drugs, marketing and sales, people management and drug innovation among others. E-commerce is synchronized with the corporate strategies of firms which bring significant value in firms and the industry at large. The value created has positive implic ation on both products and processes in the firms (Kanungo, 2004). Factors influencing e-commerce adoption in different regions Zhu Thatcher (2010) observed that the rate of use of e-commerce differs in different regions and different countries of the world because of the varied features inherent in these countries or regions. Different countries have different levels of technological infrastructure, which affect the adoption of e-commerce. Research has ascertained that e-commerce adoption has three main perspectives which determine its application in business. These are environmental, firm and technology perspectives. Under the environmental perspective, there are three main areas of focus. These are the economic, institutional and the social cultural environment. All the three environments have forces which affect e-commerce adoption, implementation and enforcement. On the other hand, the firm perspective has its forces that include the corporate strategy of the firm, managerial attitudes, globalization and external pressures. There is also the technological perspective which entails the macro technology environment and the technical strengths of the firm applying the technology. Further research showed that these perspectives affect different organizations differently. An organization may have a full grasp of one perspective and yet lack the others. This will still hinder the firm in developing e-commerce practices. The three perspectives are interactive thence a lapse or weakness in any end up influencing the entire process of ecommerce adoption (Li Xie, 2012). Studies that were conducted in Singapore in the year 2003 showed that Singapore was well prepared as far as the development and use of e-commerce technologies was concerned. Singapore was noted as having certain and unique features such as efficient telecommunication and transport infrastructure, transparent financial and legal structures, and a very affluent population that has well-articulated m ulticultural links. The population uses the English language as a common language in communication (Li Xie, 2012). The table below is a summary of research which was conducted by different scholars in different times and regions to ascertain factors which influence the adoption of e-commerce. Author and year Scope of analysis Influencing factors RodrÄ ±Ã‚ ´guez-Ardura and Meseguer-Artola (2010) Spain Non-technological external factors Technological external factors Non-technological internal factors Technological internal factors Shih (2008) Taiwan Pressure from customers, suppliers and competitors Kshetri (2007) Developing countries Economic factors Sociopolitical factors Cognitive factors Ho et al. (2007) 17 European countries Internet penetration Telecommunication investment intensity Education level Regional contagion Hong and Zhu (2006) America and Canada Technology innovation Web spending Web functionalities Partner use Molla and Licker (2005) South Africa Per ceived organizational e-readiness Perceived environmental e-readiness Brousseau (2003) France Early adoption of Minitel and EDI Macroeconomic climate Distribution channels Wong (2003) Singapore Demographic structure Physical infrastructure Human resources Financial and legal institutions E-commerce policy initiatives Figure 1.0 factors influencing e-commerce adoption. Source: (Li Xie, 2012). From the data in the table it is noted that different regions and countries are affected by different factors. The level of development is a major boosting factor for e-commerce adoption. Application of e-commerce using appropriate models According to Lee and Kim (2007), the use of e-commerce by business firms is considered to be of a big advantage. It is seen as one way through which business organizations can remain competitive thence relevant in the prevailing business environment. Just like it would be for any venture, there are considerations that have to be adhered to prior to the initiation of e-commerce in business. There are different models, which can be followed in initiating e-commerce by firms. Most of the models of e-commerce application show that e-commerce is beneficial to business organizations. Research has shown that most e-commerce initiatives in the business end up either failing or not achieving full results. Also, these initiatives exploit all the potential due to poor or mal-planning that goes into the initiative. Different models of e-commerce have been developed due to this fact. This could bear enhanced results if they are used by organizations prior to the acquisition and implementation of e-commerce. Most models of e-commerce ignore the planning aspect. Therefore, it will be beneficial if firms in their prior stages of e-commerce adoption focus on e-commerce planning models. These will give a good background for the organization eliminating gaps that are often inherent in the implementation phase (Kao and Decou, 2003). Benefits of e-com merce in supply chain management Firms across the world are being forced to reinvent the relations with their customers and suppliers by way of adding value to the relations at a minimized cost. This is due to the demands of the economy. Therefore, research shows that many firms are adopting integrated global business models which end up further complicating their supply chains (Mora-Monge, 2010). Therefore, companies are embracing information technology to help them in minimizing the impact of the complicated supply chains. They help in optimizing supply chains. Companies use B2B e-commerce transactions as evidenced in recent research (Crespo and Bosque, 2008). E-commerce has a profound effect on supply chain. E-commerce has been found to pace up the rate of performance of many supply chains across different firms. This is evident in the findings of an empirical study by Hong, Tran, and Park (2010) titled â€Å"Electronic commerce applications for supply chain integration and comp etitive capabilities’. This research has its foundation in the resource based view theory. A model was developed by the authors and then tested using a total of 711 sample companies (IMSS IV). These firms were located in 20 different countries across the globe. The results showed the importance of two specific electronic technologies – Internet based communication and technologies and EDI for integrating supplier and consumer functions. The results revealed that supplier and customer chains can be enhanced by using selected forms of information and communication technologies in business (Hong, Tran and Park, 2010). E-commerce is quite beneficial to buyer seller relationships. It speeds up buyer-sellers transactions through what is called comparison shopping. Customers are able to compare prices of a big range of commodities quickly. These commodities are found on sales and advertising sites. Such sites are synonymous with certain industries for instance the automobile, air travel and insurance. E-commerce also cuts down the cost of business and raises competitiveness. The consumers will get to enjoy the services being provides on sites by firms competing. They are likely to get products at reduced prices. For the business firms, they will only undergo the initial cost of establishing internet and other e-commerce enablement tools. One this is established, the firms will experience reduced costs of the transactions that they make (Rob and Coronel, 2009). Benefits of e-procurement Quesada, Gonzalez, Muller and Muller conducted a research in the year 2010 titled Impact of e-procurement on procurement practices and performance. They wanted to establish the correlation between the usage of e- procurement technology, practices and their effect on procurement performance. They used a model which was derived from other researches. The model was tested using 368 procurement specialists as a sample. All the specialists came from the United States. The find ings of this research indicated that procurement practices and e-procurement technology had a positive effect when applied in business firms. The findings also showed that there was a high rate of adoption of e-procurement services in business for a majority of the companies that were surveyed. This suggests that a significant number of companies should buy into the usage of e-procurement technologies. This is a good way of improving the collection of information, contacting suppliers and conducting intelligence and analysis exercises (Quesada, Gonzlez, Mueller and Mueller, 2010). The support for e-commerce E-commerce can be applied in both large firms or even in the Small and Medium Enterprises. SMEs can maximize the potential of their firms when they opt to use e-commerce. E-commerce can lead to the reduction in business coats for small businesses. These costs include the establishment of offices and other operational costs. Notably, the cost incurred in establishing a single stor e is almost similar to that of setting up a fully functional e-commerce web for a small business. However, e-commerce has more benefits when compared to the storefront. E-commerce will help the business to reach a significant number of customers. This is the main aim of any business venture. Once a substantial number of customers are reached, the business will be able to attain increased sales. The new customers will be likely to demand goods and services of the company once they are reached and are able to learn about the products of the company. The firm becomes more open to opportunities for instance up-selling and cross-selling (Thanasankit, 2002). The other aspect which makes e-commerce to be more relevant and important in business is convenience. Online services are always available and can be accessed by the online shoppers at any time. These services can also be accessed from any place by the shoppers. Therefore, business remains active all the time (Rob and Coronel, 2009). Business to business procurement services yields about 5 trillion US dollars each year. This was as at 2000. This is the total figure globally. This has been growing with time. An estimation made by the Boston consulting group showed that, in the US, business conducted transactions worth about $2 trillion in the business-to-business purchase. These transactions were done using the internet. They were transacted as at the end of the year 2003. Business-to-business transactions are increasing with the explosion of internet usage and the growth of e-commerce. While business-to-business transactions have a positive impact on the growth of business, a lot of focus has only been paid to the large firms that are conducting such transactions. Small firms also conduct such transactions but they end up being left out in the overall statistics (Mullane, Peters and Bullington, 2001). Schlenker and Crocker (2003) found out that there are real benefits of applying e-commerce in small businesses. There is a major problem that has prevented the application of e-commerce in small business firms. This is because the staffs of these firms have a notion that e-services are expensive. They are thus reluctant releasing resources which would help in applying such services in the firms. These services have to be supported by the senior staffs that are well aware of the benefits of reducing business costs by way of embracing e-commerce (Caskey and Subirana, 2007). Conclusion Literature has revealed that e-commerce is a quite old phenomenon. However, its comprehensive or wide usage is a recent phenomenon. E-commerce gained prominence from the late 20th century when there was a revolution in the use of the internet and the worldwide web as a result of the revolution in information and communication technologies. E-commerce has gained roots in business especially so from the beginning of the 20th century. E-commerce has become one of the fashions of doing business. Many business firms ha ve either adopted online services or are working on modalities of exporting their businesses to the web and the internet. E-commerce involves either the use of the internet or the worldwide web services by organizations. There are different activities that are related to e-commerce. These include online shopping, online banking, e-selling and purchasing, online retailing, e-procurement, e-travelling, electronic payment of online services and online investment among others. Business and other non-profit motive organizations are adopting e-commerce initiatives at a very high rate. This, as argued by many researchers, is a reflector of the benefits that accrue to e-commerce. The general notion is that e-commerce is turning out to be a very influential tool in enhancing business performance. Even the non-profit organizations are of the view that e-commerce will enhance service delivery in their activities. In this case, performance will be enhanced and is rated basing on how efficient a nd effective they are in delivering services. Literature reveals that there is a difference in the rate at which organizations are adopting e-commerce strategies. Notably, big organizations are the major adaptors of e-commerce. Small and medium enterprises are buying into e-commerce at a very slow rate. This means that there are challenges of acquiring, implementing and enforcing e-commerce especially for SMEs. SMEs often have a low capital on which they operate. Adopting e-commerce needs quite a substantial capital which goes into the installation of internet. However, this is just a fear as research has revealed that the cost of installing online services is affordable. Moreover, the benefits of adopting e-commerce will exceed the cost of installing e-commerce enablers by far. As it is now, more advanced countries are more favored in conducting e-commerce because of advanced technological, legal, organizational and developmental structures. For organizations that are already using e-services, there are a lot of benefits being ripped. These includes improvement delivery of services to customers – supply chain efficiency, increased efficiency in procurement- e-procurement, increased number of customers – online marketing, improved service delivery in banks among many others. However, literature has also revealed that there are major barriers and challenges which come with e-commerce. A good example is a security risk resulting from cyber terrorism, technical problems and policy problems related to adopting e-commerce. However, when proper prior planning is done before adopting e-commerce both small and big organizations will make substantive gains. Therefore, it can be concluded that the adoption of e-commerce is beneficial in many aspects despite a few hitches. In this respect, organizations should be encouraged to adopt e-commerce in order to maximize on their potentials. References Caskey, K. and Subirana, B. (2007). Supporting SME e-commerce migration through blended e-learning, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 14(4), pp.670 – 688. Ching, H.L. and Ellis, P. (2004). â€Å"Marketing in cyberspace: what factors drive e-commerce adoption?† Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 20 (3), pp. 409-29. Crespo, A.H. and Bosque, I.R. (2008). â€Å"The effect of innovativeness on the adoption of B2C E-commerce: a model based on the theory of planned behavior†, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 24(6), pp. 2830-47. Cui, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, C and Huang, L. (2006). â€Å"Exploring e-government impact on Shanghai firms’ informatization process†, Electronic Markets, Vol. 16(4), pp. 312-28. Grandona, E.E. and Pearson, J.M. (2004). â€Å"Electronic commerce adoption: an empirical study of small and medium US businesses†, Information Management, Vol. 42(1), pp. 197-216. Hong, P., Tran, O. and Park, K. (2010). Electronic commerce applications for supply chain integration a nd competitive capabilities: An empirical study, Benchmarking, Vol. 17(4), pp.539 – 560. Kanungo, R. P. (2004). â€Å"E-commerce in the pharmaceutical industry: threshold of innovation†, Management Research News, Vol. 27(8). Kao, D and Decou, J. (2003). A strategy-based model for e-commerce planning, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 103(4), pp.238 – 252. Lee, S. and Kim, K.J. (2007). â€Å"Factors affecting the implementation success of internet-based information systems†, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 23(4), pp. 1853-80. Li, P and Xie, W. (2012), A strategic framework for determining e-commerce adoption, Journal of Technology Management in China, Vol. 7(1), pp. 22 – 35. McIvor, R., Humphreys, P. and Huang, G. (2001). Electronic commerce: re-engineering the buyer-supplier interface Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 5(2), pp 39-44. Mora-Monge, C. A. (2010). The impact of electronic commerce on the supply chain, Benchmarking, Vol. 17(4 ), pp 539-560. Mullane, J. V., Peters, M. H and Bullington, K. E. (2001). Entrepreneurial firms as suppliers in business-to-business e-commerce, Management Decision, Vol. 39(5), pp.388 – 393. Quesada, G., Gonzlez, M. E., Mueller, J and Mueller, R. (2010), Impact of e-procurement on procurement practices and performance, Benchmarking, Vol. 17(4), pp.516 – 538. Rainer, R. K. and Cegielski, C. G. (2011). Introduction to information systems. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley Sons. Rob, P. and Coronel, C. (2009). Database systems: Design, implementation, and management. Boston, Mass: Course Technology. Schlenker, L. and Crocker, N. (2003). Building an e-business scenario for small business, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No.1, pp.7-17. Thanasankit, T. (2002). E-commerce and cultural values. Hershey, Pa: Idea Group Publishing. Zhu, L. and Thatcher, S.M.B. (2010), National information ecology: a new institutional economics perspective on global e-commerce adoption, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 11(1), pp.53-71. Appendix A: Member responsibility matrix This assignment was done by five people namely x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5. All the group members converged and discussed the topic together in order to get a deeper understanding of the topic of research. After a discussion and understanding of the research topic we planned on how we were to conduct the research by assigning each group member a task which was to be completed by the member and presented for discussion and approval by the group. We assigned ourselves tasks basing on the topic which we thought were important for our research. Therefore, the topics were assigned to each member as in the table below: Group member Responsibility X1 Was given the task of collecting information different kinds of e-commerce activities and how they influence business. X2 Was handed the task of finding literature on how e-commerce affects or changes the manner in which business es operate. The member was to focus on a specific industry – pharmaceutical industry. X3 Was bestowed with the task of getting literature on the factors which affect e-commerce in different regions of the world. The member came up with the data based on different researches that were done in different regions. X4 Was to find research based information on at least two different kinds of e-commerce activities – e-marketing and e-procurement. The member was to justify the research and findings in order to ascertain whether such e-commerce activities were beneficial. X5 Was to get general literature on e-commerce both in large organizations and in small and medium enterprises. The member was to focus on the benefits and challenges of e-commerce for each of the business organizations.